Genocide and the intergenerational trauma that it produces have had a demonstrable effect on the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal peoples.
Excerpt:
The
federal government worked closely with mainline Canadian churches, who were
together responsible for running most schools until the 1950s. The Catholic
Church ran approximately 60 percent, the Anglicans about 30 percent, with the
Presbyterian, Methodist, and United Churches running most of the remainder.
From 1920 until the 1950s, attendance for children aged five to sixteen was
compulsory (Milloy, 1999;
Miller, 2004, p. 84; MacDonald,
2007).
At least 150,000 children passed through 125 institutions, the last of which
closed only in 1996. There are approximately 75,000 Survivors alive today, and
many face a myriad of social, economic, and other problems as a result of their
experiences, on which this chapter later focuses.
A
number of recent studies allege that genocide occurred within the IRS system, claims
which this chapter supports (Chrisjohn and Young, 1997; Grant, 1996; Neu and
Therrien, 2003; Woolford, 2009; Powell, 2011). The term genocide was coined in
1944 by Raphael Lemkin, who described it as “a coordinated plan of different
actions aiming at the destruction of the essential foundations of the life of
national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves” (1944, pp.
27-28).
The 1948 United Nations
Genocide Convention, which flowed from Lemkin’s efforts, defines
genocide as follows:
Any of the
following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a
national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group:
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to
members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group
conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole
or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent
births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the
group to another group.
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