Canada herded First Nations children like cattle

Aboriginal children herded like cattle onto ‘train of tears’

National News | June 2, 2015 by Kenneth Jackson |APTN National News
 
During the Second World War Nazi Germany would herd Jewish people like cattle and load them into train cars heading to concentration camps with just the clothes on their backs.

They didn’t know where the train was going and they didn’t have a choice.
When they arrived they had identification numbers tattooed on them.
At the same time, the Canadian government was doing something similar across the country with Aboriginal children.
Large trucks would pull up on reserves and haul kids to residential schools.
“The cattle trucks come on the reserve, and scoop up the kids to go, and seeing my cousins cry, and then, and they were put on these trucks, and hauled off, and we didn’t know where,” recalled Shirley Leon who attended a residential school in Kamloops, B.C. during the 1940s.
Leon’s story is one of dozens chronicled in “The Survivors Speak” book released Tuesday by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Sam Ross fought like hell to stay off the cattle trucks when it arrived to take him and his brothers from their home in northern Manitoba to Prince Albert, Sask.

“They took us out to the truck; all four of us. My other two brothers walked to the truck. But me and my late, younger brother, we fought all the way, right up, right to the station, train station,” said Ross.
Benjamin Joseph Lafford remembers having no food and no clothes when the Indian agent or RCMP took him away.
“So when the train came, they put us on … every station we stopped at, there was children, Native children,” said Lafford who was taken the Shubenacadie school in Nova Scotia.

Larry Beardy described his first train trip that took him Churchill, Man. to the Anglican school in Dauphin, Man 1,200 km away.

“There was a lot of crying on that train. At every stop … children will get on the train, and then there’d be more crying, and everybody started crying, all the way to Dauphin, and that’s how it was,” said Beardy. “That train I want to call that train of tears, and a lot anger and frustration.”

For many, their trip to a residential school started with a letter delivered by a priest.
One recalled being taken away without their parent’s knowing – ripped from a playground by the RCMP.
If parents fought the RCMP or Indian agents the father was threatened with jail.
Others said their parents enrolled them in the schools because the local priest convinced them the children would be better off with an education, clothes and food.
On the first day of school for Lynda Pahpasay she was given an identification number.

“We were taken upstairs, said Pahpasay of her Catholic school in Kenora, Ont. “They gave us some clothing and they put number on our clothes. I remember there’s little tags in the back, they put numbers, and they told us that was your number. Well, I can’t remember my number.”

She was then washed and her hair was cut short. Her brother’s hair was cut completely off.
Verna Kirkness said she stripped and had something poured on her head upon arrival at the Dauphin school.
“It was coal oil, or some, some kind of oil, and they poured it on my head,” said Kirkness.
School life became regimented for the children who say they were programmed.
“We had to line up to go to the toilet, line up to go wash, line up to go take a shower, line up to go play, line up to go school, eat,” said John B. Custer.
They also weren’t allowed to speak their own language.
Survivor’s describe wanting to kill themselves and running away from the abuse they suffered – physical and sexual.
Larry Beardy said the students, between eight and 10-years-old, at the Dauphin school finally rebelled.

“We started to notice a lot of my colleagues running way, and, and every time somebody ran away, the whole dorm would get physically strapped by the principal of that school … we ransacked the whole dorm. We went violent,” said Beardy.

The stories of sexual abuse are documented in the survivor’s book. One recalled being abused by staff and students at the Alberni school.

“I was taken out night after night after night. And that went on until I was about twelve years old. And it was several of the male supervisors plus a female,” she said. “It was in the dorm; it was in their room; in was in the carport; it was in his car; it was in the gym; the back of the crummy that took us on road trips; the public school; the change room.”

There’s been 45 successful prosecutions of physical and sexual abuse at the schools.

- Five things to know about the TRC:

1. The commission was established as part of the 2007 Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, which also included money to pay for the commission’s work.

2. The commission is led by Justice Murray Sinclair, Manitoba’s first Aboriginal justice. The other commissioners are Marie Wilson, a journalist, university lecturer and former senior manager at several Crown corporations; and Chief Wilton Littlechild, a lawyer and former Progressive Conservative MP.

3. The group is charged with collecting testimony from residential school survivors and compiling their stories into a comprehensive historical record of the schools aimed at educating all Canadians about the residential schools and their legacy.

4. The records of the commission, including recollections from 6,200 former students, many of whom spoke on video, with be kept and managed by the National Research Centre on Indian Residential Schools at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, where they will be publicly accessible.

5. Residential schools operated for about 150 years, with an estimated 150,000 Aboriginal children spending time in them. At the height of the residential-school era, the federal government supported 130 such schools. There are an estimated 80,000 survivors of the schools who are still alive.

- A look at the numbers:

The 1840s – Church-run schools are established for aboriginal children.

1883 – The year the federal government establishes three large residential schools in Western Canada to “kill the Indian in the child.”


1920 – The year the Indian Act is amended to make it compulsory for status Indian children between seven and 15 to attend residential school.

70 – The number of residential schools operating by the 1930s.

130 – The total number of residential schools that received support from the federal government at the program’s peak.

60 per cent – The proportion of residential schools run by the Catholic church.

1996 – The year the last residential school closes outside Regina.

At least 6,000 – The number of children who died in Canada’s residential schools. Provinces are still handing over death certificates for aboriginal children from the residential school era.

60 per cent – The mortality rate reached at some residential schools, according to Truth and Reconciliation chairman Justice Murray Sinclair.

$1.9 billion – The federal government’s compensation package offered to former residential school students.

[What happened in Canada happened in the US, but we aren't told this history...Trace]